An Unbiased View of Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics

An Unbiased View of Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics There's very little research on the situation. Also, lately a huge topic going around is the deficiency of individuality in the world today. With no exaggeration, it's a highly-discussed topic today. Start today and detect a seasoned family law attorney in your region. The Lost Secret of Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics There's the argument that homosexual marriage doesn't adhere to the concept of conventional marriages. As a result of this, it makes sense that legalized gay marriage can prove to be beneficial for gay individuals also. If a person doesn't need a gay marriage, they aren't made to receive one. In fact, there really aren't traditional marriages anymore. Though many people today are against the legalization of same sex marriage, precisely the same sex marriage ought to be legalized because it's their civil rights that is a distinct institution with religious, it encoutages strong family value and leads to the increasing amount of child adoption, and the identical sex marriage also brings lots of financial advantages. Though many states are currently recognizing same sex marriages, it's very likely that the very same sex marriage debate will continue for a while. While single sex marriages might be the norm it doesn't mean they are necessarily the only form that this type of relationship can take. Since you may see, gay marriages are a favorite topic today. Gay people feel the same. The problem of marriage equality in this nation is something I've been quite vocal about, because it's something that's close to my heart. It has never been quite as simple as one man, one woman and a desire to procreate. For quite a while the culture of women and men marrying each other in the society was established globally. Individuals are born differently from one another, and being different isn't synonymous to being wrong. If a guy and a woman get married, nobody appears to care. Men may keep houses, women can be the primary breadwinner. Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics - the Story Gay can't help the way that they feel. Nobody would ever pick a life that's faced with prejudice and discrimination. Gay marriage isn't gay liberation. Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics Ideas With all this information, you're more than prepared to compose an interesting gay marriage essay. Putting together ideas to compose a gay marriage essay might not be as simple as some may think. Studying same-sex marriage has plenty of explanations. If you want more help, you can place an order on the website and receive a gay marriage essay easily. A huge disadvantage against civil weddings is normally very strict and don't allow us to sometimes escape the script set to make it even more personal. One reason someone might give against same-sex marriage is the fact that it goes against nature. In various societies there are various procedures of marriage. The marriage and marriage business is a significant one. Irrespective of which hook most interests you, make sure you connect it to a highly effective principal idea. Artificial problems like skin color doesn't have any place within the Black family structure. It appears that they just need a means to stonewall same sex couples from adopting by employing religion for a tool. In its many unique forms marriage has been a central characteristic of social organisation in most sections of earth. Additionally, it protects those who don't comply with a religion by shielding them from being forced to reside in accordance with religious beliefs and values they don't agree with. Not everybody is religiously inclined to the very same morals and beliefs. The feeling of otherness that Filipinos feel about globalization is 1 thing they have to unlearn. God says so isn't an argument. Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics for Dummies Gay rights are fashionable at the moment. Marriage, as an institution, helps to foster the wellbeing of children by givin g married couples with several rights, advantages and protections that may strengthen relationship bonds and household units. As a result, if gay marriage is legalized they can have precisely the same rights as heterosexuals regarding adoption and healthcare rights (Lopez 46). Homosexual marriage does not have any negative effect on society. Same Sex Marriage Essay Topics - Overview Another interesting issue to notice is that the Philippines is among the largest English-speaking nations on earth. You also need to be cautious not to compose your opinion so much. Another reason why same-sex marriage shouldn't be approved is there are inherent risks in decisions involving raising children later on. A great lawyer can counsel you regarding the present state of the law and any unique legal protections you may want to think about.

An Amazing User Experience Starts From The Designer s...

An amazing user experience starts from the designer’s perspective. As a designer, it becomes necessary for you to create something that will lure your users to engage with from time to time and here are the UX design tips will excite user. Seems to be quite simple, right? One of the best ways to delight your users is to think like them and come up with preferable ideas. There is no need to rebuild something new every time. Better you can go for techniques and tools that your users understand better and can use easily. Meanwhile, this will help you to improve and focus on other visual elements. So to help you out, here I am sharing a few things that can help you stay focused on designing exciting UI. world of web designing is all about†¦show more content†¦It is the way through which users interact with the interface by scrolling the page or clicking the buttons to perform the required actions. When designing the websites, you have to keep these patterns in mind and design the website accordingly. It is something that all your users understand and so using your website will not be a tough task for them. You can try some design patterns within your design scope too. You can make use of the common design pattern s across all the pages. For example, you can either place all the call to actions on the pages at the same location or let them be designed in the same color and pattern. Boring design excites none. So it is important that your website should reflect the brand personality through the UX. For this, you can make use of the conventions signals or signs as well as include microcopy. are viewing a website from a desktop computer or from a handheld device, they are viewing and interacting with screens. They are let to view a screen at a time. So try designing the website keeping that in mind. No doubt this has made card-style interfaces as well as parallax scrolling quite popular in the market. These styles create screens, where a good amount of information can be shared on the ‘on-screen’ and users, can keep on moving from one element to another. It can be a difficult thing depending on the amount of the information that can be shared on the single screen. The number of information you can place onShow MoreRelatedSemiotics And Interactive Design Of Black And White Essay2968 Words   |  12 Pagesand White (colours), semiotics and interactive design. The first keyword I have explored is Black and White. This is an illustration style that I have up until recently, been using in my studio work, and in my own personal practices as a graphic designer. Black and White also fits in with the culture of today’s younger generation, in which their taste of visual style and graphic design preference fits in with my Black and White design style. 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The Role of H-Bonding in Living Organisms free essay sample

A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular bond and is formed when a charged part of a molecule having polar covalent bonds, forms an electrostatic attraction with a molecule of opposite charge, generally with fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen. Molecules having non polar covalent bonds do not form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are classified as weak bonds as they are easily and rapidly formed and broken, however the cumulative effects of large numbers of these bonds can be enormous. Properties Of Water Related To Hydrogen Bonding: Hydrogen bonding allows water to remain liquid at room temperature which is unexpected as molecules of similar size are gases at room temperature. This allows organisms to live in water and it also provides a liquid environment inside cells. Water has also a high specific heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding and it ensures a stable environmental temperature as water does not quickly heat up or cool down. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of H-Bonding in Living Organisms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Water has a high boiling point as a large amount of heat is required to overcome the hydrogen bonding. The high density of water allows many organisms to readily float on water. The buoyancy in water helps the swimming of motile gametes and in the dispersal of fruits and seeds. Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, therefore giving water the properties of cohesion and adhesion – leaves pull water upwards from the roots through the xylem. Hydrogen bond Hydrogen Bonding In Cellulose: Cellulose is a polysaccharide and consists of linear chains of beta-glucose residues with the OH (hydroxyl) group pointing upwards and some pointing downwards. Individual cellulose chains are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds in order to form microfibrils which associate further more to form macrofibrils. These have high tensile strength and are able to withstand stretching forces as in a fully turgid plant cell. The Presence Of Hydrogen Bonding In Proteins: Hydrogen bonds between parts of amino acids give rise to the secondary structure of proteins. There are three types of secondary structures which are alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet and triple helix. Hydrogen bonds are present in the N-H bond of one amino acid and the C=O bond of another. These structures are maintained by hydrogen bonds between CO and NH groups. In tertiary structures, proteins bend and fold extensively to form three dimensional tertiary structures, which are stabilized by various bonds which are present between amino acids and proteins including polypeptide bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds. The quaternary structure involves the precise arrangement of polypeptide chains held together and stabilised by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. Hydrogen Bonding In DNA Structure: Hydrogen bonds hold together adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA, and this is known as complementary base pairing. Adenine and thymine are held together by two hydrogen bonds whilst guanine and cytosine are held by three hydrogen bonds therefore, the two complementary polynucleotide strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases of adjacent nucleotides. The structure of tRNA: The single strand in tRNA molecule winds up into a double helix. RNA molecule resembles to form a clover leaf. Hydrogen bonds between base pairing result into three dimensional structures. All tRNA molecules have the same basic structure- 5’end always ends in guanine and 3’end always ends in CCA. One end of the tRNA carries the genetic code in a 3 nucleotide sequence called an anticodon (site of base pairing with mRNA) [pic] Hydrogen Bonding In Protein Synthesis: During translation which occurs on ribosomes one finds a process known as elongation when there is anticodon codon pairing. During protein synthesis, the anticodon at one end interacts with a codon in the mRNA. The tRNA will then form base pairs between the triplet anticodon. The tRNA’s must be complementary at the first two codon positions but can vary in the third codon position. At the other end of the compact shape formed there are enzymes present which join the proper amino acid to the corresponding tRNA and this reaction requires energy from ATP. Due to the chemical nature of living organisms, hydrogen bonding is essential for the formation of biomolecules mainly proteins and chemical processes which occur in the organism. One of the most important roles of hydrogen bonding is in the structure of DNA as it holds base pairs together and this is extremely important because DNA transfers hereditary information from generation to generation, it controls the production of proteins and determines the structure of the cell.

Mascots free essay sample

What is a controversial mascot? Controversial is defined by the online Merriam- Webster Dictionary as relating to or causing much discussion, disagreement, or argument (Controversial). What is meant when one says controversial mascots, is a mascot that resembles a person, place or thing that is not agreed upon or supported by all people. A major controversial group of mascots that have been talked about for over four decades now are mascots that are Native American based. There are multiple ethical issues that have been brought up over using these ascots. Using Native American objects or even the Native American people as a mascot is a racial issue, and the stereotypical images of the Native Americans affect a childs self esteem. Using these mascots is also disrespectful of the Native American Indians and their ancestors. I believe that schools should be banned from having mascots that degrade any sort of culture or group of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Mascots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since the 1970s, this has been seen as offensive to the Native American tribes across the United States. When high schools and colleges in the United States started sing mascots, the Native American culture was very apparent. As a result of this we have a pretty predominant amount of schools that were given Native American associated mascots. Examples of schools 2 that have Native American based mascots are the Florida State Seminoles, Central Michigan Chippewas, North Dakota Fighting Sioux, and the University of Illinois Fighting Illi. The schools that have mascots that are Native American based use Native American faces, weapons, art or even a Native American Indian as their mascot. Mascots that resemble Native Americans can be seen as racist. They degrade the Native American culture by not representing the true Native American tribes. People from other cultures and beliefs have come to believe that these mascots are representative as to who the Native American tribes are and want to be seen as, which is never true. These racist mascots are caricatures of Native Americans and are meant for entertainment for the crowd. They do not depict the actual Native American culture and are presenting a false persona of the Native Americans. Most colleges that have a Native American mascot have a negative image along with the ame of a tribe such as The Fight Sioux or The Fighting Illinois. Names like these give off the image of vicious, aggressive tribes; which is not what the current tribes are. These mascots depict what the original settlers thought about the Native Americans when they first came to America, that the Native Americans were savages. These people were thought to be uncivilized and primitive. Yet today we still have mascots that are depicting these Native American tribes as savages. The mascots have red faces and are wearing war paint, and have the headdresses on. This depiction has tayed with many of the American people who have never been taught about Native American culture. It we eliminate these images ot savages running across the gym screaming with war paint on their face, then the racist issue would not be such a problem. Most white European people do not experience racist comments made towards them like the Native 3 American Indians do. I do think that if we had mascots of screaming white people in old uniform many people would be offended. If someone was to put on a WWII uniform and scream out chants and names during a game people would be offended verywhere. We need to think about what it would be like to be in their position. Most people do not take the time to step back and consider how these Native Americans are feeling, and walk a mile in their shoes. While researching this topic I came across a great scenario to maybe help people at Viterbo University understand a little more of how Native Americans feel when we use their culture and history as mascots during sports games. The crowd roars as the mascot enters the gym. The student section of the East High School Catholics erupts with the anticipated entrance of Father Guido. He is dressed in flowing robes, with golf-ball-sized rosary beads flopping around his neck, and an oversized miter atop his head with the words CATHOLICS RULE written on this tall cloth hat. He begins his much anticipated halftime routine by tossing faux-Eucharistic hosts into the crowd, much to the delight of the fans who gobble them up or toss them back and forth to each other. Throughout the routine, his genuflections are accompanied by his pantomimed crucifix consecrations of the crowd. After his flamboyant flipping of holy water into the crowd, Father Guido goes for the money shot†he grabs the incense urn and ompletes his frenzied blessing of the crowd before suddenly becoming stoic, dropping to a knee in prayer, then rising to scream in unison with the crowd, Pope Benedict, lead us to victory! The fans feel honored to receive Father Guidos blessing, in hopes that it will inspire the crowd to cheer diligently for the Catholics second- half surge to victory. Now, given that East High School is predominantly Muslim (and Father Guido 4 is incidentally a student of color who paints his face white to play the role), I wonder how the small handful of Catholic students at East High feel about this portrayal of heir people, of their faith (Steinfeldt 17). For those who are Catholic, I think it is very clear why the Native American people feel that they were disrespected toward their ancestors and beliefs. The rosary, Eucharist, crucifix, incense and prayer are all very holy religious relics and acts to the Catholic Church. When one grows up Catholic they are taught to respect these different religious items. If the time was taken to degrade and disrespect each persons religion that believes it is okay to use the Native American mascots, then I believe they would quickly learn why the Native Americans feel so offended and do not want the mascots to be used. Many Americans still think that Native American Indians were savages and that the Native Americans were people who spent their time killing everyone and were very uneducated. However, when the settlers came to America they decided to claim the land as their own and moved the Native Americans out; taking the land that the Native Americans knew as their home. Native Americans were moved across the United States in chains. It is because of this that Native American culture has been erased. This is the reason that the mascots of schools that are Native American ased talsely depict the true Native American culture, because the culture was erased and is not taught in our grade schools when the students learn about American History. When the Native Americans are falsely depicted it can prevent school-aged children from understanding the true culture of Native Americans both past and present. These children are going to grow up and become unknowingly discriminate against Native Americans. When 5 the children see these mascots falsely representing a nation they are not going to understand the true Native American culture and heritage. The scenario with the Catholic Priest at the basketball game can also help with understanding why it is so important for school-aged children to understand the true Native American culture. If children grow up only knowing what is taught to them about Native American culture at basketball games or what is seen on television then they would never understand how much of this stuff is not part of the true Native American culture. Just like what is seen on comedic television and is said in the news about the Catholic Church, one cannot always believe what they are seeing or earing. Growing up Native American in a culture where it is socially acceptable to make fun of ones heritage would be very hard on a child. The child would begin to feel self-conscious and may even try to hide who they are. It is important for all children to be proud of who they are and where they are from. Someone who supports the Native American mascots and have never learned about the Native American culture might say that it is an opportunity for the Native American children to learn about their heritage. They may also say that it is a chance for the children to e proud of who they are and where they are from. When a study was done in Arizona on high school aged Native Americans, 71 students, the major outcome was negative on self-esteem. In the study the Native American children were shown pictures and read texts of Chief Wahoo, Pocahontas, stereotypically negative outcomes of Native Americans and a control. They explained the stereotypically negative out comes as a list of stereotypes that are on television, movies and books or newspapers about the Native American population. The list given to the students was, Most people know very little about American 6 Indians beyond the negative images portrayed in newspapers and on television. High dropout rates, alcoholism, suicide, depression, and teen pregnancies are examples of how American Indians are portrayed around the country. We hope to portray American Indians as they really are today (Fryberg 211). The results were put on a scale of one to five. One being the least like me and five being the most like me. All three pictures and descriptions came back with a total mean of having a negative effect on the students. For the first picture and description, Chief Wahoo, the mean core of affecting the students self-esteem was 3. 88. The second picture and description, Pocahontas, had a mean score of 3. 79. The last picture and description to affect the self-esteem of the students, stereotypically negative outcomes, had a mean score of 3. 5. All three were significantly higher than the control. They never revealed what they used as the control for the experiment. From this experiment I think that it is very clear that these images impact children and their self-esteem There are many ditterent changes that need to be made in society to help this cause. First we need to recognize the imbedded racism in our English language. Just like gay and fag are being commonly used, so are racist names, songs and other Native American slander in our day-to-day language. The first place this needs to change is at home with parents. Children learn a lot from their first few years at home with their parents. There is also more that should be done in the schools. I believe that teachers are not doing enough to help students understand the Native American heritage. We learn quite a bit about our European heritage, but are very seldom taught about who was ere in America before the Europeans. We are not taught about how the Europeans stole land from the people who owned it 7 for thousands of years before the Europeans even knew it existed. I believe this is because educators do not want students to learn about the horrible past of the Europeans. If educators increased time in the classroom to inform students of the Native American culture and their past history in the United States, then students would not be so inclined to shout out hurtful words to Native American children. I had a teacher in high school that was Native American. When we were first learning about Christopher Columbus, we were also learning about the Native American culture. We made Native American food and learned a few sentences in our local Native American language. When we got to the part in American history where the settlers moved the Indians off their land and out west, my teacher made sure we understood the torture they went through. She shackled our legs and handles together and had us walk about two miles. After two miles of this torture we all had blisters around our ankles from not being about to step more than a few inches at a time. Everyone in my class thought this was a great learning experience. If more teachers were to incorporate these types of learning experiences then I do believe people would hesitate more on who they want to be the mascots. The people who are associated with supporting Native American mascots are predominantly males. They often do not see the problems with having these mascots. A study done at the University of Florida was conducted among 167 undergraduate participants. They were asked a series of questions over the course of an hour. The questions asked were to answer three major questions being asked by a psychology class. The three major questions that the psychology class wanted answered by the study were: Are some Native American sport mascots considered to be relatively more unacceptable compared with others based on the extent of stereotyping; Is there any attitudinal difference toward Native American sport mascots between 8 White and minority participants; Are there gender differences in approval for Native American sport mascots(Bresnahan 168). For the first question the participants were shown a series of four known Native American Mascots, with each mascot seeming to be more stereotypical than the last. As the class hypothesized, the mascot that was least stereotypical (dark skin, war paint, head dress etc. ) was the favorite among the participants. For the second question Is there any attitudinal difference toward Native American sport mascots between White and minority participants were somewhat surprising to me (Bresnahan 173). The difference of approval of these mascots between majority and minority groups where very small. On a range ot to 5. 00, the mean score of approval for whites was 3. 8, and the approval for minorities was 3. 6. The difference was only . 2 between the two groups. Both were above the half way mark. For the third question, Are there gender differences in approval for Native American sport mascots? there was a little bit more of a difference, men had a mean score of 4. 07 and women had a mean score of 3. 79 (Bresnahan 173). This was still not a significant difference. From this testing done at the university they came to the conclusion that only about 16 percent of the students who participated thought any of the mascots were offensive to the Native Americans, the rest all approved. Of these findings, they proved that men are more likely to pprove of the use of Native American mascots. If we started teaching the true Native American culture when children are in school, these numbers of acceptance toward the Native American mascot would change. More people would not be okay with letting a mascot who does not depict the true Native American culture represent their school. If we started this now, within a few decades we would see such a huge change of attitudes among people that went to these high schools and colleges that use the mascots. One 9 thing that is helping this change along now is the changes that are being made by he National Collegiate Athletic Association. The NCAA has been on a movement to change the images of Native Americans in collegiate sports. A federal law that was passed in 2004 stated, the organization declared that these schools could no longer use their mascots in postseason athletic contests. In its policy promulgation, the NCAA declared that schools with offensive mascots and imagery could not display their logos on the court or field or on a uniform, nor could they allow students to don the mascot costumes on the sidelines during any postseason play (Harper 137-138). The schools that were to follow this ew law were Florida State Seminoles, the Central Michigan Chippewas, the North Dakota Fighting Sioux, and the University of Illinois Fighting Illini. This law is only the first step toward changing the mascots. These schools are still allowed to use these offensive mascots during the school season. This law does not stop them from having a mascot on the side during the game and does not prevent the school from using offensive Native American symbols on the uniforms or fields. We are still in the movement for change. The people who believe that there should not be any changes made to the ascots say we should keep these mascots for multiple reasons. First they believe that using these mascots show that they are supporting the Native American tribes. They believe by using these mascots we are saying to the Native American people we are proud to be Sioux, Chippewa etc. . Second the people who want to keep the mascots say that schools would lose followers and money because of the name and mascot change. People would lose interest because it is not the name they graduated with. It maybe even the school that someones parents went to, but because of the 10 name change they no longer have a sentimental reason to go there. Thirdly people also believe that they are honoring the Native American tribes and their ancestors. What needs to happen for people to realize that using these mascots is not honoring or tlattering the Native American people is education. People need to learn about the Native American tribes and their traditions to really understand that these mascots are only mocking the tribes. No one can truly be proud to be a Sioux or Chippewa if they are not truly honoring the actual tribe and their beliefs or culture. Education is going to be key in order for the racial Native American mascots to be liminated. Native Americans have been dealing with racial issues, stereotypical images and disrespect toward the culture for hundreds of years. For the past forty years they have trying to deal with middle schools, high schools, colleges and professional sport teams using Native American symbols, art, relics or even the Native American people as their mascots. They have moved in the right direction with the new law passed in 2004 that does not allow a few schools to use the mascots during the post season. More is going to need to be done in order to honor these tribes and regain the espect that they all deserve. After all, how would one feel if their religion, family, friends and community were disrespected and wrongfully used only to represent a school or sports team?

Crucible essays

Crucible essays In literature as in life people often suffer severe tests of character. Sometimes they must defend their beliefs in the face of great opposition. In the drama The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, two characters showed this quality. John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse both suffered severe tests of character. In my opinion these characters are perfect examples of these type of people. Rebecca Nurse is a good example of a character that got tested. She sacrificed her life for her morals. When asked by Reverend Hale to she said wouldnt confess to witchcraft even to pardon her own life. Rebecca knew she would live if she confessed, but she wouldnt confess because she wouldnt tell a lie. She was a model person in this drama. Rebecca did such good deeds that people in other town had even heard of her. Thats why most people were shocked when they heard that she was put on trial for witchcraft. Rebecca was hung at the end of the drama for not confessing to witchcraft even though she was innocent. John Proctor is another good example of a character that got tested. He was not as that good of a person ,but he made up for it at the end of the drama. John had committed the crime of adultry during the play. He had cheated on his wife with Abby. He also did not go to church every Sunday. He was also accused of practicing witchcraft. Towards the end of the drama he was going to confess to say his life, but instead he chose the honorable thing to do and let them hang him. John Proctor did not want them to ruin his name. In my opintion he made many mistakes in his life, but he made up for all of them by dying life a hero. I think the Crucible showed how heroic some people can be even when faced with death and they defended there beliefs no matter what was going to happen to them. John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse were two great examples of these type of people. Both their characters were severely tested, and they...

Definition and Examples of Morphemes in English

Definition and Examples of Morphemes in English In English grammar and morphology, a  morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word such as dog, or a word element, such as the -s at the end of dogs, that cant be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Morphemes are the  smallest units of meaning in a language. They are  commonly classified as either free morphemes, which can occur as separate words or  bound morphemes, which cant stand alone as words. Many words in English are made up of a single free morpheme. For example, each word in the following sentence is a distinct morpheme: I need to go now, but you can stay. Put another way, none of the nine words in that sentence can be divided into smaller parts that are also meaningful. Etymology From the French, by analogy with phoneme, from the Greek, shape, form. Examples and Observations A prefix may be a morpheme:What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on before you get on?- George CarlinIndividual words may be morphemes:They want to put you in a box, but nobodys in a box. Youre not in a box.- John TurturroContracted word forms may be morphemes:They want to put you in a box, but nobodys in a box. Youre not in a box.- John TurturroMorphs and AllomorphsA word can be analyzed as consisting of one morpheme (sad) or two or more morphemes (unluckily; compare luck, lucky, unlucky), each morpheme usually expressing a distinct meaning. When a morpheme is represented by a segment, that segment is a morph. If a morpheme can be represented by more than one morph, the morphs are allomorphs of the same morpheme: the prefixes in- (insane), il- (illegible), im- (impossible), ir- (irregular) are allomorphs of the same negative morpheme.- Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996Morphemes as Meaningful Sequences of SoundsA word cannot be divided i nto morphemes just by sounding out its syllables. Some morphemes, like apple, have more than one syllable; others, like -s, are less than a syllable.  A morpheme is  a form (a sequence of sounds) with a recognizable meaning. Knowing a words early history, or etymology, may be useful in dividing it into morphemes, but the decisive factor is the form-meaning link.A morpheme may, however,  have more than one pronunciation or spelling.  For example, the regular noun plural  ending has two spellings (-s and -es) and three pronunciations (an s-sound as in backs, a z-sound as in bags, and a vowel plus z-sound as in batches).  Similarly, when the morpheme  -ate is followed by -ion (as in activate-ion), the t of -ate combines with the i of -ion as the sound sh (so we might spell the word activashun). Such allomorphic variation is typical of the morphemes of English, even though the spelling does not represent it.- John Algeo,  The Origins and Development of the English Langua ge, 6th ed.  Wadsworth, 2010 Grammatical TagsIn addition to serving as resources in the creation of vocabulary, morphemes supply grammatical tags to words, helping us to identify on the basis of form the parts of speech of words in sentences we hear or read. For example, in the sentence Morphemes supply grammatical tags to words, the plural morpheme ending {-s} helps identify morphemes, tags, and words as nouns; the {-ical} ending underscores the adjectival relationship between grammatical and the following noun, tags, which it modifies.- Thomas P. Klammer et al. Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson, 2007Language AcquisitionEnglish-speaking children usually begin to produce two-morpheme words in their third year, and during that year the growth in their use of affixes is rapid and extremely impressive. This is the time, as Roger Brown showed, when children begin to use suffixes for possessive words (Adams ball), for the plural (dogs), for present progressive verbs (I walking), for third-person singular present ten se verbs (he walks), and for past tense verbs, although not always with complete corectness (I brunged it here) (Brown 1973). Notice that these new morphemes are all of them inflections. Children tend to learn derivational morphemes a little later and to continue to learn about them right through childhood . . ..- Peter Bryant and Terezinha Nunes, Morphemes and Literacy: A Starting Point. Improving Literacy by Teaching Morphemes, ed. by T. Nunes and P. Bryant. Routledge, 2006 Pronunciation: MOR-feem

Adam Smiths economic theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adam Smiths economic theories - Research Paper Example Smith has emphasized that a historical perspective is necessary to study the science of man and society, and only with this study it is possible to establish an efficient social science system. He has said that in any society it is the collective contribution of all individuals that lead to economic stability since it is the individuals who produce and sell goods according to their requirements as a society. He has named the controlling factor of this mechanism as the invisible hand. The principle rule of classic economics is that non-intervention of the government in the marketplace will give freedom to everyone to contribute towards economic growth by creating the required goods for the greatest number of people. Adam Smith Adam Smith was an eighteenth century Scottish philosopher who is known as the father of modern economics. He was baptized on June 5, 1723. He is well known for his two books: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). He studied moral philosophy from the University of Glasgow under the renowned philosopher Francis Hutcheson. In 1740, he entered the Balliol College, Oxford after being awarded the Snell Exhibition (Biographiq, 3-4). In his second book Wealth of Nations, Smith has given a coherent description of the history of development of industry and commerce in Europe, and has voiced his opinion against the doctrine of government intervention in trade and commerce. He has also explained that a sustainable economy is possible by people’s effort to fulfill their self-interests through competition. Smith’s economic philosophy contributed towards â€Å"creating the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism.† (Biographiq, 3-4) Economic theories The invisible hand theory Smith has focused on people’s contribution towards production, and has argu ed that it is the annual labour which is the principle source to meet the demands of the consumers regarding all necessaries and conveniences of life. The produce of the labour is generally consistent with the immediate produce of the labour, or the commodities or services that are purchased with the produce from other nations. Therefore, the produce from labour or what is purchased with the produce can be more or less in proportion to the demand in the consumer market of a nation. This means that the nation is economically developed when there is better supply of necessaries and conveniences or is economically worse when there is insufficient supply of the same. Smith has argued that this proportion is determined by two factors – 1) skill and dexterity of labour and proper application of the skills, 2) proportion of labour employed to that of labour not employed in useful work. Smith has emphasized only on these two factors irrespective of the soil and climate of the nation (Smith[1], 8). According to Smith, it is the market conditions that are responsible for the production of right kind of goods and services. This is because the objective of the producers and manufactures is to make profits by supplying goods and services to the market. If there is no intervention by the government in the matters of trade, then the business environment of the nation will be free from government restrictions. This will lead to well-being of the public with increased competition between producers and manufacturers to produce goods and services as and when required by the public. This is the general picture of a free market economy. With growing competition betwe

Customer analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer analysis - Essay Example The hotel management has had discussions and is continuing to conduct further discussions with the event planners, especially the wedding planners from the Indian community in order to expand its customer base. It will also conduct road shows and take part in wedding conventions to promote and create awareness of their products. This region is projected to account for over a third of the hotel’s revenue in Singapore. Primary targets of MBS include Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam (Majumder, 2010). According to Tanasijevich (2011), Malaysia is expected to produce 10 percent same as Thailand and Indonesia while 8 percent is expected from Vietnam. China, on the other hand, accounts for 6 percent of the Marina Bay Sands business. The hotel has an advantage with respect to its location at the centre of the city. The hotel’s operations are expected to be consistent with minor variations in the number of customers during weekdays and weekends during which c ustomers spend their leisure time. There is also another market that Marina Bay Sands is eyeing, that is the Middle East. Marina Bay Sands is expecting to be flying customers between Singapore and Middle East. The need of Singapore to enhance tourism in their country through promoting MICE business and increasing family entertainment opened a vast gaming market for Marina Bay Sands which falls into their target market. This gaming market is described as more aggressive and large; therefore, Marina Bay Sands is extending liable gaming training to everyone so that the gaming evolution is understood to enhance understanding of this service. The Marina Bay Sands management explains that the casino gaming business is a principal target market in the early years. This is because it is expected to significantly surpass the MICE and room business before levelling up in the long term (Chiang, 2010). Chiang (2010) says that Marina Bay Sands also targets local and regional markets of music lov ers, anime enthusiasts and aspiring artists to stage their creative work by sponsoring events such as SAAP Singapore and Anime Festival Asia. It has something for everybody such as a big swimming pool that outsizes a football field, shops, fast food and restaurant, nightclubs and lounges. In terms of demographics Marina Bay Sands is targeting almost equally with respect to gender where expected male market is 51 percent as compared to 49 percent of the female market. The hotel has also targeted the middle aged population ranging from 25 to 55 years expected to have a percentage of 66% while that of below 25 years being 20% and the remaining 14% is expected to be older people aged above 55 years. Couples without children are expected to outnumber those who have children in their households by 65% to 35% respectively. Caucasians are expected to dominate the customer base by 71 percent followed by Asian ethnicity at 11 percent. People with income below USD50000 are expected to be fewer i.e. 16% as compared to those earning above USD 50000 at intervals of USD 50000 having a small difference not exceeding 2% (Pdlangen, 2010). The high demand and Controlled supply of gaming when merged with the design of Marina Bay Sands makes the hotel to stand a chance of being the most Profitable casino in the region and the world at large. This is because each

Too Much Too Soon Essay Example for Free

Too Much Too Soon Essay The scenario is about Sara Patel; she has finished college and is working in a company called Maddison for three years. The first two years she had worked in sales department but now she is working as a sales trainer in the sales and development department. For a while everything was going smooth, all the people in the department liked her and there was an air of openness, until the department started expanding. The first problem that arose was allocation of funds to the different units in her department, employees were complaining about Sarah allocating more resources in her department. Secondly there were problems allocating funds to the local area head of different departments for the purposes to travel across Canada about training needs with managers and supervisors. As the department grew things started to lag behind and foul-ups started to occur; mixed up schedule, late reports and faulty budgets. The staff started complaining about lack of basic resources like pen and pencils to laptops and phones. It was also talked that she was an unqualified trainer as she was fresh out of college and hadn’t work anywhere else. She didn’t open up to new ideas and any suggestions from her staff instead she developed a conflicting relationship with them. Behavioral symptoms The environment at Maddison was one of warmth and openness when Sara started. As the time went by the air was of stress as the staff started battling over the budgets and resources; they were all being centered on Sara’s department. Also her behavior towards the staff changed, she became more direct with them and started telling them what to do, making them feel like kids. Sara’s unnecessary travelling was an example of misuse of departmental funds. The defensive attitude at the lunch meeting with the staff was a physical symptom of the problem. Operational symptoms The inefficiency in distributing the funds to the various departmental heads was the key operational mess-up. The late reports, messed up schedules and errors in the department’s budget every time, occurred as a result of the increased size of the department. Employees also complained about scarcity of basic stuff including pens, laptops and blackberries. She was wasting financial resources of the department on her useless travelling and unnecessary courses. She had five resignations at her desk at the same time from her functional heads that she gave excellent rating without even meeting, and now she has to explain it to the VP of Operations. Main issue A manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities to accomplish organizational goals. The manager should work effectively and efficiently, getting out the highest output with minimal input. Whereas in case of Maddison, Inc. the staff working under Sara complained of shortage of basic stuff like pen, laptops and blackberries. Manger should also have management skills like human, technical and conceptual. Technical skills refer to knowledge of the field in which he/she is working. Sara had no technical skills; she was an unqualified trainer as she was there fresh after university and had not work experience in her field. Human skills are the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. It refers to communicate, motivate, lead and inspire the staff. Sara had no human skills as her staff wanted her to step down at the lunch meeting. Conceptual skills involve the mental ability of a person to analyze and generate ideas in complex situation. These skills help managers to see the organization as a whole and understand the relationships among various departments, but Sara on the other hand didn’t look at the company as a unit but instead favored her department and helped it via different means. Planning and organizing are essential characteristics of a manager but Sara was unable to exhibit neither of those. She could neither plan nor organize her department due to which there were issues like messed up schedules and late reports. She couldn’t even organize the budgets because of which there were many arguments.

meat packing industry Essays -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rights and responsibilities in the meatpacking industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early twentieth century, at the height of the progressive movement, â€Å"Muckrakers† had uncovered many scandals and wrong doings in America, but none as big the scandals of Americas meatpacking industry. Rights and responsibilities were blatantly ignored by the industry in an attempt to turn out as much profit as possible. The meat packers did not care if poor working conditions led to sickness and death. They also did not care if the spoiled meat they sold was killing people. The following paper will discuss the many ways that rights and responsibilities were not being fulfilled by the meat packing industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the turn of the twentieth century â€Å"Muckraking† had become a very popular practice. This was where â€Å"muckrakers† would bring major problems to the publics attention. One of the most powerful pieces done by a muckraker was the book â€Å"The Jungle†, by Upton Sinclair. The book was written to show the horrible working and living conditions in the packing towns of Chicago, but what caused a major controversy was the filth that was going into Americas meat. As Sinclair later said in an interview about the book â€Å"I aimed at the publics heart and by accident hit them in the stomach.†# The meat packing industry took no responsibility for producing safe and sanitary meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One reason for this problem was that there was no real inspection of the meat. A quote from â€Å"The Jungle† tells of a government inspector checking the hogs for Tuberculosis, â€Å"This government inspector did not have a manner of a man who was worked to death; he was apparently not haunted by a fear that the hog might get by before he had finished his testing. If you were a sociable person, he was quite willing to enter into conversation with you and to explain the deadly nature of the ptomaines which are found in tubercular pork; and while he was talking with you you could hardly be so ungrateful to notice that a dozen carcasses were passing him untouched.†# This obviously led to tubercular meat being processed in the packing house. Another problem was the incredible lack of sanitation and the use of spoiled meat, another quote from â€Å"The Jungle† tells of how dirty it was in these plants â€Å"There would be meat stored in gre... ... government inspection of meat products. The Pure Food and Drug act also passed after the Meat inspection Act of 1906. The packers denied the charges and opposed the bills to no avail. These bills protected the publics right to safe sanitary meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion it is obvious to see that rights and responsibilities were not carried out by the meatpacking industry. They were greed driven business men who â€Å"poisoned for profit† as president Roosevelt said. The meatpackers had a right to make their product but did not take the responsibility to do it in a manner that was safe to the consumer. Thanks to people like Upton Sinclair and Theodore Roosevelt, the meat industry today takes the responsibility to make a safe quality product of the public. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corey, Lewis, Meat and Men: A study of Monopoly, Unionism and Food Policy (New York: The Viking Press, 1985). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, (New York: Bantam Books,1906). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, Williams, eds., America Past and Present Volume II: since 1865 sixth edition (New York: Longman 2002).

Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay

Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay Saying Sylvia Plath was a troubled woman would be an understatement. She was a dark poet, who attempted suicide many times, was hospitalized in a mental institution, was divorced with two children, and wrote confessional poems about fetuses, reflection, duality, and a female perspective on life. Putting her head in an oven and suffocating was probably the happiest moment in her life, considering she had wanted to die since her early twenties. However, one thing that was somewhat consistent throughout her depressing poetry would be the theme of the female perspective.The poems selected for analysis and comparison are, †A Life†(1960),†You’re†(1960), â€Å"Mirror† (1961), â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† (1962) and finally, â€Å"Kindness† (1963). All five of these previously discussed poems have some sort of female perspective associated with them, and that commonality is the focus point of this ess ay. The first poem listed, â€Å"A Life†, was written in November 1960, and is a fairly long poem for Plath’s standards. There are eight stanzas, and thirty five lines, and one overall message.The general message of the poem is to discuss appearance and reality, and to compare them. Plath reiterates that appearance cannot be maintained, and she uses a mix of delicate diction in the beginning-to represent appearances- and transitions to aggressive diction when she moves back to reality. The female perspective is most prevalent when Plath starts the â€Å"reality† part of the poem, and talks about a woman, who seems to be hospitalized, and isolated like a â€Å"fetus in a bottle. † The idea of a troubled patient seems to be a personal reflection on Plath’s asylum days. A Life† begins delicately, and Plath uses phrases such as â€Å"clear as a tear†, or â€Å"†¦glass†¦will ping like a Chinese chime†¦ though nobody looks up or bothers to answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to create a sort of â€Å"fishbowl effect†- a fragile, yet isolated world, transparent and watched by others. Plath also uses water-like diction, like â€Å"sea waves†, â€Å"sea†, and even the darker word, â€Å"drowned† to create such an effect. When the poem transitions back to reality, it seems like the previously mentioned â€Å"fishbowl† was just thrown into the violent ocean.Plath uses diction like â€Å"private blitzkrieg†, â€Å"fetus in a bottle† â€Å"grief and anger†, and even â€Å"age and terror† to create the awkward, violent, and even disturbing reality that this woman in the poem lives in. â€Å"You’re†, written in 1960 during Plath’s pregnancy, is a poem about Sylvia’s baby-to-be. There are two stanzas, each with nine lines, as to represent the nine months of pregnancy. The female perspective here couldn’t be more obvious- a pregnant mother reflecting on her pregnancy and describing her child; men can’t share that experience. â€Å"You’re† is one of Plath’s happier poems, and doesn’t go very deep as some of her other poems do.The first stanza is describing the unborn fetus as â€Å"clownlike†, â€Å"moon-skulled† and â€Å"gilled. † Visualizing a fetus with an underdeveloped head, upside-down and breathing in liquid constantly is explanation enough for this diction. Plath also discusses the nocturnal nature of babies, and the silence of the bread-like creature growing inside her. The second stanza discusses the idea that a baby is â€Å"looked for like mail†, and that the fetus seems snug and jumpy. The most profound line in the entire poem is the last line, â€Å"A clean slate, with your own face on†, describing the baby’s soon-to-be new beginnings as a fresh start, a â€Å"clean slate. â€Å"Mirror† written in 1961, is the qu intessential of Plath poems, in that it expresses three of Plath’s most common themes greatly in one depressing poem: duality, reflection, and the female perspective. The female perspective in this poem is best described as a troubled woman who constantly searches for the truth in mirrors, but finds no answers. The mirror discussed in the first stanza is exact and truthful, but almost pretentious, in that it considers itself almost godlike.The lake is where the woman seems to find the most comfort in, seeing the distorted images of her, the candles, and the moon. The last few lines seem to attribute her depression to her age, and maybe the fact that she never got to enjoy her childhood, her young years, and she despises seeing herself grow old in the reflection of the lake. â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† was written in 1962, a year before Sylvia’s end, and uses the ideas of repetition, speech, and censorship to express her ideas on female obedience and civil censorship.The female perspective here is the idea of not being able to speak out, and living in repetition, with a defeated tongue- hung up on the wall like a trophy. The poem uses many different types of diction, but most of it is masculine, and war-like, as if Plath was fighting a war against men. The first stanza of the poem begins with â€Å"The courage of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery! † and follows with bits of diction to describe a record player, with â€Å"black disks†¦ of courage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as to describe Plath’s thoughts and feelings just playing over and over again, â€Å"asking to be heard. The second stanza continues with the record player metaphor, â€Å"a needle in its groove†, and transitions to an overqualified tattooist in the third stanza, once a surgeon (maybe a metaphor for Sylvia’s downgrade from a great poet to a dumpy mother) who repeats the same overused tattoos over and over, silently, and solemnly. The fourth stanza returns to the metaphor of war, and artillery as well as the record player. The tongue is introduced, and is described as â€Å"indefatigable, purple. † The poem then questions if the tongue is dangerous, and if it must be cut out.The answer to that question must’ve been yes, because the tongue is then described as a trophy, hung up on the mantle like the â€Å"fox heads, the otter heads, and the heads of dead rabbits† before it. This is most likely an extended metaphor of Plath being silenced by her husband, and she can only admire her husband’s trophy in defeat. The poem ends with an image of a forgotten country, whose pride and power is hidden and long gone- probably another metaphor for her power to speak out, taken away by her husband or simply by her gender- as women didn’t have much say in things.The final poem â€Å"Kindness† was written in 1963, in the month of Plath’s suicide, and shortly after her husband left her. T he poem is structured evenly; four stanzas with five lines each. This poem contains the female perspective in that Plath mocks the typical view of kindness- almost satirically mother-like- and she also talks about children and how desperate and almost helpless they are in the whole scheme of things. The poem starts out by stating how full of kindness her house is, and already hints that kindness is and illusion with the word â€Å"smoke† and â€Å"mirrors: shortly after one another, and that these mirror are filled with smiles.The second stanza talks about the cry of a child, but not like a sobbing cry, but a sort of cry of agony, or desperation, and how that is the most real thing that she knows of, and that it is unlike the cry of a rabbit as, the cry of a child has a soul. This second stanza maybe hints at thoughts of Plath killing her children alongside herself, which is a somewhat disturbing thought. The poem continues, and with talk of â€Å"kindness sweetly picking u p the pieces. † Plath also uses delicate diction like â€Å"butterflies† and â€Å"Japanese silks† to maybe express the delicacy of â€Å"kindness. The poem ends, with a sort of final statement to her cheating husband, as presumably â€Å"he† comes in with an effort to console her, â€Å"with a cup of tea†, and Plath responds in another suicide like statement: â€Å"The blood jet is poetry, there is no stopping it. † This is reminiscent of slit wrists, and that you can’t stop the blood flow from a slit wrist. The final line seems to confirm that this poem was directed at her husband, with â€Å"you hand me two children, two roses. When Plath says â€Å"roses†, it immediately brings forth images of flowers at a funeral, rather than roses given as a token of love. Out of the entire selection, this is the most desperate and angry poem reviewed. Now, after the lengthy analyses of all five poems, all five had elements of the female perspective in them, some way or another. In â€Å"A Life† the female perspective was the view of the patient, feeling isolated and trapped in the painful reality that she lives in, and she takes shelter in the fragile â€Å"fishbowl† of a fantasy world she has constructed.In â€Å"You’re†, the female perspective is expressed in pregnancy. This experience is female exclusive, and Plath eagerly awaits the birth of her baby. In â€Å"Mirror†, the female perspective is that of a troubled woman who looks to the reflections of mirrors for answers, and prefers the distorted ripples of the lake to the awful truth of the wall mirror. Depressingly enough, even though the lake is distorted, the woman sees her age rising to meet her day after day, â€Å"like a terrible fish. In â€Å"The Courage of Shutting Up†, the female perspective is that of a woman who is trapped by her repetitive household duties, and the limits on her expression by her husband . Obviously, not being able to speak you mind is a sort of mental imprisonment, and the only way out for Plath was her poems. This poem was the embodiment of those expressions. The female perspective in â€Å"Kindness† was some sort of suicidal anger against her former husband, and a sort of Medea-like want to kill her children to spite her former lover.She talks about â€Å"kindness† as a sort of facade put on by a woman to keep everything together in her household. In comparison to each other, â€Å"Mirror†, â€Å"A Life†, and â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† are all female-minded grievances towards the society that Plath lives in, and the relationship that she is in with her husband. All three involve some sort of negative personal evaluation, as well as being dark and depressing. â€Å"Kindness† and â€Å"You’re† stand alone, in that â€Å"Kindness† is an extremely dark and angry poem directed at Sylvia’s hus band, and â€Å"You’re† is a somewhat hopeful poem about pregnancy.They are direct opposites of each other and both represent different eras in Plath’s life- one of pseudo-happiness, and one of hatred and despair. The female perspective in Plath’s poem’s are always present, no matter what form they come in, or the period in Plath’s life that they were written. Plath has always seen some fascination, some point to be made, in the gender differences of her generation, and she made sure to include the female perspective, which was often unheard, and made it heard.

Accounting & information Technology Essay

How the process of computerising accounting information systems (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally? However, the counter-claim is that the breaching of the security of such systems will be a great risk that needs to be properly managed in various ways. The purpose of the essay is to identify how the process of computerising accounting information and telecommunication accounting information over the web can help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally and to find out how large firm can protect their system and information by using different methods. Also, in this assignment the main function of computerizing accounting information system (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web will be discussed along with successful examples and failure examples. Also, it will link and explain why these functions will help the accounting functions to operate globally. Also, in this assignment it will explain the main threats of using such system and will point out how large organisations able to manage these potential threats. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Accounting Information System is vital to all organisations (Borthick and Clark, 1990). The process of computerizing accounting information systems (AIS) is a system of collection, storage and processing of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. The result can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors and creditors. Organisations depend on information systems to stay competitive, they see information as important as a resource such as plant and machines. Therefore, in order to stay competitive, organisations may have to computerising their AIS, to make the process automatic in order to; reduce effort, save time, improve efficiency and reduce labor cost. However, many organisations are not enjoying the benefit of computerization of accounting system as they have continued to be inaccurate due to increased number of interruptions due to system failure or breakdown and untimeliness with its reliability left in the question. So how computerising accounting information system helps the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally? In a computer system, processing is carried out electronically, usually with little or no intervention from a human user. The components of a computer system include hardware and software. Hardware describes the physical components of a computer system. Example: Monitor, bar-code reader, Web camera and speakers. And software is a series of detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Software exists as programs that are developed by computer programmers. Example: systems software and applications software. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, p.510). But how they actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operate globally? When a firm has grown globally, they then have to deal with billions of information per day from many different countries, and the only way they can process the information is by using computer system, today’s computer system come in variety of sizes, shapes and computing capabilities. Categories such as mainframe, midrange and microcomputer systems are still used to help an organisation which operates globally, such as IBM, to express the relative processing power and number of end users that can highlight the major uses of particular types of computers. Telecommunications is on a national or global scare, in order to allow telecommunications to operate it consist both software and hardware to set up these links. Hardware include; satellite and microwave transmissions. Telecommunications help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally by enable a business that operating from different locations to run as a single unit. . (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 571). This means that the information can be managed centrally and control maintained from a central location. Also, an organisation can use telecommunications to collaborate with other companies such as their suppliers by using electronic data interchange or web-based e-procurement with partners. One of the main advantages of using telecommunication is improving the communications within and outside a business. Due to poor communication, diseconomies of scale maybe appear where there is too much information to deal with at the same time and leading to some information are being ignore. This will then increase the cost per unit and may pull down the shareholder’s interest and may lead to a business failure. Also Electronic business (e-business) and Electronic commerce (e-commerce) are also included in the telecommunication, where the term e-business is credited by the former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner. E-business involves several key activities: improving business processes, enhancing communications and providing the means to carry out business transactions securely. And e-commerce is not only a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks also e-commerce encompasses the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for products and services transacted on internetworked, global marketplaces of customers, with the support of a worldwide network of business partners. (James A.O’Brien, management information systems. P.284). A great example of e-business and e-commerce is ASOS.com, ASOS is the UK’s largest online-only fashion and beauty store. ASOS is a global online fashion and beauty retailer and offers over 50000 branded and own label product lines across women wear, menswear footwear, accessories and jewelry. ASOS has websites targeting the UK, USA, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Australia and also ships to over 190 other countries from its central distribution in the UK. (Online, Available at: http://www.asosannualreport2008.com/Doc/pdf/AnnualReport2008.pdf). Without a single shop, they able to automating many of the administrative tasks associated with ordering, supplying and delivering goods, therefore the cost of a typical business transaction can be reduced significantly. Also, due to operating their business through internet, they are able to operating at any time of the year, this then lead them to have an advantage of having a much flexible time and place to sell their products than the tradition international organisation such as Topshop. However, is there only advantage of using AIS and telecommunicating accounting information for organisation to operate globally? Is there anything stopping organisations using it? Yes, is the answer. There is no question that the uses of information technology in an organisation presents major security challenges, poses serious ethical questions, and affect society in significant ways. (James A.O’Brien, Management information systems, p.439). Computer crime is a growing threat to society caused by the criminal or irresponsible actions of individuals who are taking advantage of the widespread use and vulnerability of computers and the internet and other networks. Also, natural disasters can also be a great risk to a system. All information systems are susceptible to damage caused by natural phenomena, such as storm, lighting strikes, floods and earthquakes. For example, in Japan and the United States took the great care to protect critical information system from the effect of earthquakes. There are five major categories of controls that can be applied to information systems. There are: physical protection, biometric controls, telecommunications controls, failure controls and auditing. (khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 627) Physical protection is simple, this involves the use of physical barriers intended to protect against theft and unauthorized access. Lock, barriers and security chains are examples of this form of control. Secondly, biometric controls, these type of controls make use of the unique characteristics of individuals in order to restrict access to sensitive information or equipment, this can be achieve by using scanners that can check finger-prints, voice prints or even retinal patterns. Thirdly, the telecommunications controls, this type of control involve identity of a particular user. Common type of communications controls includes passwords and user validation routines. As an example, when a new network account is created for a given user, they may be asked to supply several pieces of personal information. The fourth control is failure control, failure controls attempt to limit or avoid damage by the failture of an information system. Typical examples include recovery procedures and regular backups of data. The last type of control is auditing, Auditing involves taking stock of procedures, hardware, software and data at regular intervals. With regard to software and data, audits can be carried out automatically with an appropriate program. Auditing software works by scanning the hard disk drives of any computers, terminals and servers attached to a network system. In conclusion, we can see that organisation have to be carefully managed with their AIS and information due to natural disasters and individuals who are taking advantage of the widespread use and vulnerability of computers, because if you don’t take care of your accounting information system, others will take care of it for you. But if can be carefully manage, we can say that computerising accounting information systems (AIS) and telecommunicating accounting information over the web can actually help the accounting functions in an organisation operating globally, with great example of ASOS. References: 1. Borthick, A.F.; Clark, R.L. (1990). Making accounting information systems work: An empirical investigation of the creative thinking paradigm. Journal of information System, p. 48-62 2. Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology. Page. 284) 3. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 571) 4. (Online, Available at: http://www.asosannualreport2008.com/Doc/pdf/AnnualReport2008.pdf) 5. (James A.O’Brien, Seventh edition, Management information systems, p.439) 6. (Khaled Abdala, Financial accounting & information technology, page. 627)

Free Essays on Age Discrimination

Lets take a look at the landscape for older workers as it unfolds today. Baby boomers will begin to reach age 65 by 2010. Although prevailing attitudes in our society remain slanted against older workers, already there are profound changes taking place. Consider these factors: Â ·There are over 16 million Americans over 55 who are either working or seeking work. Â ·Older workers are getting new jobs at an annual rate of 4.1 percent. This is more than double the .8 percent rate in the general population. Â ·Older Americans make up 10 percent of the workforce, but account for 22 percent of the nation's job growth. Â ·Extensive research has found no relationship between age and job performance. Americans age 55 and above take fewer sick days, adapt to new technologies successfully, and are more loyal to their employer than thirtysomethings. Â ·A survey of human resource professionals found that 62 percent are hiring retired employees as consultants. Â ·By 2010 there will be a severe labor shortage as baby boomers begin to retire and fewer younger workers are available because of slow population growth between 1966 and 1985. Unless we can keep older, productive people working, labor tightness will slow down the economy Add to this the raising of Social Security normal retirement from 65 to 67, and the likelihood of further increases. The Social Security Earnings Test has been eliminated. Moreover, a long established trend toward early retirement has reached an abrupt halt according to the Employee Benefits Research Institute. In a commercial culture aimed at the young, the beautiful and the nimble we do not like to think about aging. Although aging is as inescapable as phases of the moon, negative stereotypes about older adults proliferate. Unfortunately they still find their loudest expression in the workplace. We cheer roundly when older people demonstrate creativity, can do attitudes and athletic agility. An 88-year... Free Essays on Age Discrimination Free Essays on Age Discrimination Lets take a look at the landscape for older workers as it unfolds today. Baby boomers will begin to reach age 65 by 2010. Although prevailing attitudes in our society remain slanted against older workers, already there are profound changes taking place. Consider these factors: Â ·There are over 16 million Americans over 55 who are either working or seeking work. Â ·Older workers are getting new jobs at an annual rate of 4.1 percent. This is more than double the .8 percent rate in the general population. Â ·Older Americans make up 10 percent of the workforce, but account for 22 percent of the nation's job growth. Â ·Extensive research has found no relationship between age and job performance. Americans age 55 and above take fewer sick days, adapt to new technologies successfully, and are more loyal to their employer than thirtysomethings. Â ·A survey of human resource professionals found that 62 percent are hiring retired employees as consultants. Â ·By 2010 there will be a severe labor shortage as baby boomers begin to retire and fewer younger workers are available because of slow population growth between 1966 and 1985. Unless we can keep older, productive people working, labor tightness will slow down the economy Add to this the raising of Social Security normal retirement from 65 to 67, and the likelihood of further increases. The Social Security Earnings Test has been eliminated. Moreover, a long established trend toward early retirement has reached an abrupt halt according to the Employee Benefits Research Institute. In a commercial culture aimed at the young, the beautiful and the nimble we do not like to think about aging. Although aging is as inescapable as phases of the moon, negative stereotypes about older adults proliferate. Unfortunately they still find their loudest expression in the workplace. We cheer roundly when older people demonstrate creativity, can do attitudes and athletic agility. An 88-year...

The 10 Trickiest Interview Questions and How To Field Them

The 10 Trickiest Interview Questions and How To Field Them Don’t get so stressed out about the interview that you forget to relax and show yourself in the best possible light. Look over this list of interview questions and be prepared for them. Then charge into your interview devoid of fear. Your biggest weaknessYou want to frame this one in a positive light, but you also want to make sure it doesn’t look like you’re too blasà © to admit your mistakes or failures. Find one weakness that isn’t too drastic, but isn’t a toss-off either, and then explain how you’re working constructively to make sure you’re a better employee because of recognizing it and moving past it.Former bad experiencesThey want to know how you dealt with a tough situation in the past. Don’t talk about getting yelled at by your boss, or suspended, or nearly fired. But do mention something that was a real stumbling block, and how you turned it into a positive by treating it as a valuable lesson, and learning from it.Em ployment gapsWhen the interviewer asks why you’ve been unemployed so long, the way you respond depends a little on the reason. If it’s personal and negative, be as vague as possible and focus on your bright future. If it’s for something professional, try emphasizing what you’ve accomplished in that time that makes you an infinitely more valuable employee.Corporate complaintsIf this is a corporate job and they want to know what you dislike most about that kind of environment, don’t sink to the occasion. Be sure to emphasize that you don’t find anything at all unsavory about the corporate world, but speak about one instance in which a particular corporation didn’t handle a matter the best way possible, and what you learned from it that you could apply to this new job, to make this corporation stronger.Your screw-upsYou’ll never be able to sell an interviewer on the idea that you never once screwed up on the job. So don’t e ven try. Instead, admit to a mistake you made and what it taught you. Emphasize, of course, how you will never make the same mistake again.How you break bad newsThey’re looking for leadership qualities, and how you handle stressful situations and emotions. Show off your conflict resolution skills and diplomatic finesse.The job you really wantIf they ask if you’d be after their job one day, don’t be honest. Explain that you’re more than content with the job that’s currently on offer, and try to laugh it off.Your record of changing jobsDo everything you can to convince them you’re here to stay. That’s all they want to hear with questions about shifting from position to position. Emphasize how settled you are on exactly this position being exactly where you need to be now. And then throw in some details about how your varied experience will only make you more valuable to the company.Your last jobWhatever you do, don’t bad mouth yo ur past job or your former boss. Explain that you’re looking for bigger challenges and more rewarding work, and assure them that you’ve left no burning bridges in your wake.Being firedIf you were fired from your last job, they’ll want to know why. Make it clear that you won’t be a liability, and never badmouth the company to make yourself look better.Do your best to showcase your professionalism and grace under fire- no matter what the question- and you’ll do just fine.

RFID Tracking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RFID Tracking - Dissertation Example Originally developed in 1969, it was patented in 1973 (Granneman 2003). It is a system utilising microchips embedded in a product or item, which can be read by a non-contact reader. It is predicted that RFID will take over from the present-day Universal Product Code (UPC) bar codes in the near future. The problem with present-day bar codes is they are not able to fulfil every function well, they can be slow at the checkout and stocktaking as every item must be scanned and they do not always cover today’s security issues well, whereas RFID systems cover much more from tracking stock to instantly contacting a customers bank for funds at the point of purchase in a retail store by using a system embedded in a mobile phone (Bonsor, et al n.d) how will this develop? What are the good points and what are the negative problems with RFID tracking, there is a lot to be investigated yet with these systems. RFID Tracking Advantages The problems faced by many companies today is how to spee d up their processes, there are many retail stores where the customer still waits in line at a queue for their basket of goods to be read through at the checkout. Stocktaking is done item-by-item using the present bar coding system. With RFID tagging it is possible to have a zone set up whereby everything passing through is logged by the RFID radio reader, and not item-by-item as the tag can be read at a distance and through some materials. (RFIDAA 2006) saving time and effort with better accuracy. Another area covered now is where it has been difficult to have a decent system of tracking passports speedily and confirming the person carrying them. The American and Australian governments have decided to do just this; issuing e-passports where there is a microchip embedded into the passport, because of this there is an increasing amount of information held on the chip. The chip is read/write capable so it is possible to delete or add information on the person or product. A step up fro m the passports issued even by the Australian government. Embedded RFID tags are used for chipping pets and animals, placed just under the skin they can be read easily. Originally used for cattle, now helping with lost animals or with stock control in farms. (Granneman 2003) â€Å"On a smaller level, but one that will instantly resonate with security pros, Star City Casino in Sydney, Australia placed RFID tags in 80,000 employee uniforms to put a stop to theft. The same idea would work well in corporate PCs, networking equipment, and handhelds.† Assett tracking, security and biometric controls are all covered by RFID tagging, it has now got to the stage where it is possible for an indivdual to set up their own RFID tagging system by purchasing the tags and radio readers. There are some great examples such as a handbag designed by MIT students, it can tell if up to five items with RFID tags are placed in the bag. If one is missing then it starts a blinking LED on the outside o f the handbag (Varias 2011). Clothing is a great area for using tags, they can be used by retail stores to prevent loss, they are placed in the product label and are read as they leave the store. Used in this way by Gerry Weber International, a German-based women's clothing designer and retailer. From (Zaino 2011). Problems with RFID Tracking There are many people complaining that RFID and its associated systems are too much. Although this kind of complaint has been around since the first wheel was made

Alcan case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcan case study analysis - Essay Example In its entirety, business management is highly critical and constantly evolving especially in the aspect of resources, and this is the central idea where the Alcan case revolves around, managing the work force, because people is the most essential asset of any business that hopes to be successful for the long term2. In the Alcan case, the conflict created by lack of communication and the inability to effectively manage the work force created placed the smelting industry at risk of loosing enormously even to a point of closure. The succeeding paragraph will therefore attempt to dissect each of the issues contributing to the tension as well as the solutions that were implemented, ending the rift between management and labor union. The main issue involved in the Alcan Case is Industrial labor relations creating an impact in the productivity of the manufacturing plant. In an industry that utilizes human resource as the main key to productivity, human resource management plays an imperative role in the sustainability of that industry whereby excellent degree of skills are required to handle issues from recruitment requisites, skills training and performance ensuring personnel and management policies conforming to regulations. Managing the work force as well production is a very complicated task that requires a higher level of understanding of theories related to management and organization. There are many proponents to these theories, and almost all of them are relevant to the issues present in the Alcan Case. It is important to note that the core of the Alcan issue involves the increasing grievances of the workers owing to the tension within. Among the theory applicable to this case is the system theory whereby managers are to recognize the various parts of the organization when attempting to resolve issues There are several contemporary theory of management, among them includes contingency, system and chaos theory. Contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand3. System theory on the other hand, helps managers view the organization from a broader perspective, since this theory brought a new perspective for the interpretation of patterns and events in the workplace. It recognizes various parts of the organization, specifically the interaction and coordination within central administration with its programs, engineering with manufacturing, supervisors with workers. Chaos theory recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled. In his article, Mcnamara claimed that many chaos theorists refer to biological systems when explaining their theory and suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, these systems become more v olatile (or susceptible to cataclysmic events) and must expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability. Mcnamara further said that this trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. This trend is what many see as the trend in life, in organizations and the world in general4. The underlying root cause of the Alcan/Lynemouth smelting industry was a classic case of human resource mismanagement. There was an

Linguistic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistic - Assignment Example Work and family are both important so that does as well. Choong-hoon spoke the most. His co-worker Jun-gil also spoke a lot. This might be because Choong-hoon is the oldest male there. Although everyone made fun of Jun-gil for only speaking to Choong-hoon, he did actually talk a lot as well. This is probably because he is a guest who does not know everybody else, so they wanted to know more about him and also help him to relax. People were all polite to Jun-gil, who was not a member of the group before. So they asked him polite questions about his family and job. Between most of the other people the discussion style was a lot more filled with jokes as people were more familiar with each other. Even when this is the case the polite conversation markers like oh-bba were sometimes used. Interestingly they sometimes seemed to be used to just make the jokes not be taken personally. For instance when I told Choong-hoon to mind his own business. Disagreement or interruption usually goes along with the gender of people. For instance when Hye-jung did not speak clearly, it was another girl who said something about it first. Choong-hoon then did say he thought so too, but he did not say so straight away. Also when Jun-gil is talking about whether he was working during his wifes labor, Jun-ho, another male, is the one who interrupts him. A lot of the special Korean words like oh-bba would have to be explained. More importantly the reasons for these words would probably not make sense to people outside of the Korean language speakers group. Because in Korean there are different ways of speaking to people depending on how well you know them and whether they are older or more worthy of being respected than you, it might be confusing for people who do not speak

Development of Corporate Governance in Nigeria

Development of Corporate Governance in Nigeria   Literature Review The code of corporate governance Over the years, Nigeria has experienced rapid development with regards to corporate governance. This can be noted in the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code), the 2006 mandatory Code of Corporate Governance for Nigerian Banks post consolidation (CBN Code) and most importantly the 2007 Code of Conduct for Shareholder Associations in Nigeria (SEC Code for shareholders). {(now revised in 2011) update the dates for the different codes}. According to Grienenberger (1995), corporate governance can be defined as The legal and practical system for the exercise of power and control in the conduct of the business of a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the shareholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies. The main issue with corporate governance is that it is often viewed as the separation between ownership (shareholders) and control (managers). Jensen and Meckling (1976) state that managers will only be as incentivized to add value to shareholders in proportion to what they stand to personally gain. Schacht (1995) then argues that corporate governance represents the friction that managers and owners of public companies face in the involvement of the productive level of shareholders in corporate policy and administration. Nigeria was a British colony therefore it adopted the corporate governance system of the British and its history of corporate governance stems from the colonial times when the private sector was dominated by British companies (Okike 2007, Ahunwan 2002). After she gained her independence in 1960, there was a great economic liberation and the government developed domestic ownership and control of the Nigerian private sector (Akpotaire 2005). The framework of corporate governance adopted was still that of the British. For instance, there was the replacement of the Companies Ordinance of 1992 by the 1968 (how can the 68 replace the 92) Companies Act but the biggest influence was the UK corporate law (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). It is not unimaginable that since the corporate governance of Nigeria mirrors that of the British so closely, the effectiveness would be somewhat guaranteed. Unfortunately this has not been the case. It could be easily explained by the fact that the corporate la ws and regulations in the UK are not complementary, reflective or applicable in the Nigerian business environment (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). Okike (2007) states that though the framework of the corporate governance in Nigeria mirrors that of the UK, the same cannot be said in terms of application or ingrained principles. Ultimately, it seems the legal or corporate governance codes governing corporations have not been developed with the peculiarities of Nigeria in mind. The issues that are specific to the cultural and political environments have also been ignored (Okike, 2007) and these are of utmost importance especially when considering the unstructured and informal nature of the Nigerian economy (Yahaya, 1998). In the years that follow, I believe this error was trying to be corrected by making codes to reflect Nigeria as a country and her corporate environment. According to Adegbite et. al (2012) The primary statute empowering shareholders in Nigeria to intervene in a companys affairs is the Company and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990 (as amended). In addition to this as stated above was the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code). Adegbite et. al (2012) goes on to state that this code has as one of its core focuses to promote the rights and responsibilities of shareholders. It expressly states that the company or board should not discourage shareholder activism whether institutional or by organised shareholders groups. It further states that the annual general meetings (AGMs) should be an avenue for shareholder participation in the governance of the company. Furthermore, there should be a director who represents the interests of minority shareholders who occupies a seat on the board. Okike (2007) believes that these are all efforts of the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to promote shareholder activism as well as the rights of minority shareholders in the Nigerian corporate governance code. As a result of all these developments, there have now been an emergence of many private initiatives which have been encouraged by the government such as The Independent Shareholders Association of Nigeria (ISAN), the Nigerian Shareholders Solidarity Association (NSSA), the Proactive Shareholders Association of Nigeria (PROSAN), the Association for the Advancement of the Rights of Nigerian Shareholders (AARNS) amongst other shareholder associations. These have developed mainly to give minority shareholders a chance in a sector that has been dominated by majority shareholders when it comes to block voting. The issue of Politics and its impact on Shareholder Activism In a recent study, Adegbite et. al (2012) state that an environment of unhealthy and vast politicking is created when shareholder activism is used as corporate governance mechanism in Nigeria. It is believed that this is as a result of the countrys brand of politics, in other words expressing that this is a challenge that is quite peculiar to Nigeria. It denotes that though shareholder activism is somewhat a universal practice, certain characteristics of different regions warrant an understanding before said practice can be carried out correctly. Most literature on shareholder activism is based on the Anglo-Saxon construction of markets as prior to independence from the British, the Anglo Saxon-based system of corporate law and regulations was in place in Nigeria (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). This is founded on the neo-liberal conception of democratic politics where there is freedom and rights within legitimate institutional boundaries. Also, under the same umbrella of this ideology is shareholder activism, as it is an essential characteristic to the financial markets (Adegbite et. al 2012). This has led to little thought being given to the effect that the post-independence stage of political democracy has on the way in which different things are practiced and in particular, shareholder activism. Given these points, lets look further into the democratic political state of Nigeria. Nigeria gained her independence on October 1, 1960. In the 56 years of her independence, she has been vastly ridiculed with the plague of corruption. This has been evident in the politics of the nation, the way business is conducted both local and international and the general way of life of her people. Unfortunately, we follow this through many years of various scandals such as Cadbury 2014 and infamously Shell 1990 to present. It would be almost obvious that this corruption tremendously affects the business environment and by extension, shareholder activism. This can be evidenced by looking at independent corruption indexes. In appendix 1, we see extracts from various reports from the Transparency International (2013) which is a non-governmental organisation. These reports show Nigeria ranking 136 out of 178 countries (178 being the most corrupt country) in the corruption index as well as having a score of 26 (100 being corrupt free). More importantly, in the index of corruption b y political parties, Nigeria scored 4.7 out of 5 (5 being extremely corrupt). This data is one that cannot be ignored in the analysis of the political environment of the country having a direct/indirect effect on shareholder activism. Adegbite et al. (2012) also compare the World Bank index which is based on six broad measures: (1) voice and accountability, (2) political stability, (3) government effectiveness, (4) regulatory quality, (5) rule of law and (6) control of corruption. Three countries are examined namely Nigeria, Denmark and the United Kingdom. The latter mentioned countries score very low on the corruption index in the Transparency International reports and so its no surprise that in the World Bank Anti-Corruption and Governance Index, the same results are observed with Nigeria scoring less than 28% in all 6 categories while Denmark and the United Kingdom score higher than 80% across the same categories. These results all highlight the same issue. It is the implications of the Corrupt and greed driven Nigerian politics and political culture on business conduct, corporate governance and shareholder activism in particular (Adegbite et. al 2012). In light of all of this, it would be unfair not to mention that there are steps taken to mitigate this issue of corruption especially in the attitude towards corporate governance. Only a few years ago, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) dismissed the Chief Executive Officers and Executive Directors or eight Nigerian banks on charges of corruption, fraud and bad corporate governance (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). These steps are definitely in the right path to getting the country to where it needs to be but the fact still remains that this is a serious consideration when addressing corporate governance and shareholder activism in Nigeria. As this has been established, the different matters around shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been discussed below. Institutional shareholders and Non-institutional shareholders (shareholder associations) The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) has been in existence for about 46 years. It has over 260 listed securities including 10 Government Stock, 55 industrial loans (Debenture/Preferences) stocks and 195 equity/ordinary shares of companies with a total capitalisation of about 875.2 billion naira. Shareholding in Nigeria has grown rapidly to an estimated 10 million (Amao and Amaeshi, 2008). There have been a series of events such as the privatisation programme in Nigeria that has massively impacted the share ownership. In the early stages of the programme, the privatised companies offered over 1.3 billion shares for sale to the public. There was a huge influx of first time buyers as well others amounting to over 800,000 shareholders. Between 1989 and 2005, over forty government-owned companies were privatised (Tanko II, 2004). Small individual shareholders coming together to form shareholders associations and large individual shareholders are categories of Non-institutional shareholders. (Crespi Renneboog, 2010; Poulsen et al., 2010; Song Szewczyk, 2003; Uche, C., Adegbite, E. and John Jones, M. 2016). The way in which shareholder activism is carried out and achieved by small and large individual shareholders is mainly attributable to their shareholdings (Connelly, Tihanyi, Certo Hitt, 2010; Crespi Renneboog, 2010; Johnson, Schnatterly, Johnson, Chiu, 2010; Uche et al., 2016). Due to the amount of shareholdings that small individual shareholders possess, they are at a disadvantage in the matter of having influence over management. In order to combat this, small individual shareholders often combine voting rights with that of other shareholders thus increasing their influence when engaging in shareholder activism. By doing so, they bypass the need for large block holding. Coordination by small individu al shareholders is then achieved by using organizations such as shareholders associations. While this teamwork doesnt result in the influence of corporate strategy or board nominations, Strickland et al. (1996) states that it brings about certain advantages such as successful shareholder-initiated proposals documented in countries such as the United States of America. Shareholders associations are a registered group mainly consisting of small individual shareholders while Institutional shareholders is a term for entities which pool money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans. Institutional shareholders include banks, insurance companies, pensions, hedge funds, REITs, investment advisors, endowments, and mutual funds. In this section, the relationship between these two will be analyzed as well as the effects their union or otherwise has on shareholder activism. According to Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016), prior literature has shown how beneficial collaborations between shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been in shareholder activism. Examples of this is institutional shareholders using their proxy votes to support shareholder proposals. However, there has been little work done in this area regarding a developing country as well as the effect that activism carried out by shareholders associations has on institutional shareholders (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016). According to Mulgan (2000) and Uche et al., (2016) Accountability is considered to be an activity that requires the accountee to engage in questioning, assessing and criticizing when holding the accountor to account. It is believed to be a two way conversation between accountee and accountor. Uche et al., (2016) notes that the accountability relationship theory isnt discussed in a corporate environment by Mulgan (2000) but similar characteristics have been identified in the relationship between the board members and management. These characteristics were identified by Roberts et al., (2005) as questioning, probing, discussing, informing and encouraging. In addition, it is evident that shareholder activism share these same features. This is because Institutional shareholders and shareholders associations involve in discussion, probing and questioning management at AGMs and other private meetings (Uche et al., 2016; Roberts et al., 2006; Solomon and Darby, 2005). These conversations with shareholders associations and institutional shareholders also allow companies to gain insight into different issues on social, ethical and environmental issues which in turn aids in promoting corporate matters aime d at the public (Solomon and Darby, 2005; Amao and Amaeshi, 2008; Johed and Catasus, 2015). As mentioned in earlier sections, Nigeria is home to many shareholders associations. There are more than thirty organisations unlike other more developed countries such as the United Kingdom which usually has only one association engaging in shareholder activism (Amao Amaeshi, 2008; Adegbite, Amaeshi Amoa, 2012). Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016) importantly highlights the importance of the structure of shareholders associations in Nigeria. These associations are made up only of small individual shareholders. The reason this is important to note is because of the impact it has on strategies carried out by the organisations. It also indicates the amount of influence or lack thereof that these organisations may have on the management of companies and thus shareholder activism. In shareholder activism, the expectation is that the shareholders are able to exert a certain level of influence over management of a company which will allow them to facilitate change in strategic outcome or managerial decisions (Ryan and Schneider, 2002). This influence is much easier when there is an independence between the activists and management of the company involved. This can be seen in the analysis between institutional shareholders, shareholders association and management within the boundary of shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Becht et al., 2008; Catasus and Johed 2007; Crespi and Renneboog, 2010; Ingley and Van der Walt, 2001; Johed and Catasus 2015). The independence noted in relationships between shareholders associations and managements of companies allow for the association to have an increased influence over management (Uche et al., 2016; Poulsen et al., 2010) A lack of independence is noted in easily pressured institutional shareholders. This causes these type of investors to rather guard the relationships formed with managements of the company involved for their own benefits .This type of behavior is usually noted in passive institutional shareholders than active institutional shareholders (Uche et al., 2016; Almazan, Hartzell and Starks, 2005; Brickley, Lease and Smith 1998; Marler and Faugere, 2010). Prior literature has shown that there is a difference in the way various institutional shareholders carry out shareholder activism. This allows them to benefit in different ways from the way others carry out their activist activities (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016). Active institutional shareholders will benefit from things such as coordinated voting with other institutional shareholders or shareholders associations while the same may not be the case for institutional shareholders that are passive. Passive institutional shareholders as the name suggests, have a more laissez-faire attitude towards shareholder activism. They prefer to avoid any direct activist activities while benefiting from that which active shareholder institutions and shareholders associations have fought for (Brav, Jiang, Partnoy, Thomas, 2008). These passive institutional shareholders in Nigeria are usually hedge funds or pension funds who focus on short term benefits and dont want to disrupt the business relationships built with these companies. It is argued that shareholders associations dont experience this same dynamic between them and management of any company in questions regarding shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Stratling, 2012). However, according to Uche et al., 2016, Adegbite et al., 2010 and Yakasi, 2001, it has been reported that some shareholders associations in Nigeria develop relationships with management because of financial benefits obtained outside of the business relationship. This then leads to a lack of independence and hinders the shareholders associations from acting as accountees and holding the accountors (management of the company in question) to account. Prior research notes that different shareholder groups have different agendas that they pursue and though these may be similar in multiple cases, they can also differ. This is as a result of their interests and time horizons being different (Uche et al., 2016; Goranova Ryan, 2014; Ingley Van der Walt, 2001). Individual shareholders usually invest smaller stakes over a short period of time while institutional shareholders such as pension funds will invest massively over a long period of time. Fundamental differences such as these cause conflicts between the groups in shareholder activism. For instance, hedge funds prefer short term pay puts thus are more short term oriented (Uche et al., 2016). Ultimately, in Nigeria, institutional shareholders do not participate enough in shareholder activism especially in comparison to shareholders associations. As noted in earlier paragraphs, due to the small holdings of individual shareholders who make up shareholders association they are not able to practice shareholder activism as effectively as they should (Uche et al., 2016; Amao Amaeshi, 2008; Okike, 2007; Yakasai, 2001). Despite this, it has been noted that shareholders associations have been of great help in holding management of companies accountable by resisting the fraudulent sale of corporate sales and sacking of poorly performing corporate executives through shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Aderinokun, 2003; Chigbo, 2000). The Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) code (both 2003 and the revised code in 2011) avidly encourage institutional shareholders and organised shareholders groups to actively engage in shareholder activism so as to improve practices (SEC Code, 2003; SEC Code 2011). While institutional shareholders are not there to usurp the role of monitoring agencies, they are in a better position to pressurise companies to take shareholder accountability and interest more seriously (Chung Talaulicar, 2010; Roberts et al., 2006). In the face of previous scandals and governance and accountability problems in Nigeria, institutional shareholders now have another opportunity to fight for improved governance practices so as to create better shareholder values (Ahunwan, 2002; Bakre, 2007; CBN, 2006). According to Yakasai (2011) and Ajogwu (2007), Institutional shareholders are in a better strategic position than small shareholders to engage with corporate managers. Their influence can bridge the gap of communication between shareholders and really have an impact on corporate governance practices. All of this highlights the importance of both institutional shareholders and shareholders associations to practice shareholder activism (together and independently) independent of management of companies so as to relinquish all forms of bias in order to improve the effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter illustrates the methodology used in this research to achieve my results. Research methodology is crucial to any research as it highlights the reasoning behind methods chosen to achieve the aims and objectives of this research (Kothari, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to clearly state what Shareholder Activism is and take a closer look into Sub-saharan Africa, more specifically Nigeria. It will also highlight three main areas that grossly affect the practice of shareholder activism in Nigeria as well as offer suggestions that could make the experience a much more efficient and effective one. To achieve this, this chapter has been divided into various sub sections namely, research philosophy, approach, strategy, time horizons, data collection and data analysis. Research Philosophy Research philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge. (Bandaranayake, 2012). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), research philosophy is dominated by three main views namely Positivism, Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) and Realism. Positivism as described by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), is a view that often adopts the philosophical science of the natural scientist. This research perspective is one of utmost objectivity, completely independent from the researcher and unaffected by the research or its results. Interpretivism/Social Constructionism views reality as based on human practices formed by human interactions with others and the world in which they live in, developed within a social context (Crotty, 1998). The intent of this approach is to understand the subjectivity of reality of the people being analyzed in order to deduce the background and reasoning of their motives in a way thats applicable to them. (Ramanathan, 2008). The key differences between Positivism and Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) are highlighted in the table below by (Ramanathan, 2008). Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003) state that Realism is applied to the study of human subjects, recognizing the importance of understanding peoples socially constructed interpretation and meaning, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of peoples views and behaviours. According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), it will be misleading to think of any research philosophy as better than the next. Ultimately, all three philosophies serve different purposes depending on the objective of the research. Nonetheless, business situations such as shareholder activism are complex and unique to different individuals circumstances and environment. Shareholder activism in Nigeria cannot be discussed without addressing the corporate governance environment of the country. According to Grienenberger (1995), Corporate governance can be defined as the legal and practical system for the exercise of power and control in the conduct of the businessof a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the shareholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies. This definition highlights two things that are very important. This is the fact that this is a legal and practical system. Every country has its own legal system that may derive its origin from many things such as the country which it was colonized by to the general way of life of the people. This in fact is the same for how business is conducted as well. Therefore, it is without doubt that an understanding of the countrys systems and the way in which things are done is essential for any well informed analysis to be made. This has therefore led me to choose interpretivism/social constructionism as my research philosophy as I believe that the characteristics of this philosophy such as aiming to increase the general understanding of the situation, gathering rich information from which ideas are induced and including stakeholder perspectives are all exactly the approaches I need to undertake in order to appropriately understand all the drivers involved in shaping shareholder activism in a developing country such as Nigeria. Research Approach When considering what research approach to use in research, there are two theories available. These are: Deduction (Testing theory) and Induction (Building theory). Deduction approach as the name implies involves the researcher having a proposed theory (usually involving two or more variables) which they then collect data against, analyse and draw conclusions in support of or opposing the original thesis (DeGracia et al., 2014). Induction approach on the other hand involves observing different cases or scenarios and then developing a general hypothesis around ones findings (DeGracia et al., 2014). This approach allows for a less rigid methodology and openness to varying explanations of what is going on (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). The table below shows the differences between Deduction and Induction approaches to Research by (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). Box 4.1 Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research Deduction emphasises Scientific principles Moving from theory to data The need to explain causal relationships between variables The collection of quantitative data The application of controls to ensure validity of data The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition A highly structured approach Researcher independence of what is being researched The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions Induction emphasises Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events A close understanding of the research context The collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses A realisation that the research is part of the research process Less concern with the need to generalise The induction approach will be taken as this research looks into human behaviours and social construct within a certain environment. Furthermore, I will be making use of qualitative data alone to suit the approach adopted by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003). This is because my research is looking into the problems associated with the lack of effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria. This means that I am looking into the issues surrounding application, human behavior towards corporate governance and shareholder activism. Therefore, the induction approach as well as the use of qualitative data is the best way to get the different stakeholder perspectives and gather the right information within a less rigid structure that will enable the appropriate analysis to be conducted. 4.4 Research Strategy According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003), there are different research strategies namely: Experiment Survey Case study Grounded theory Ethnography Action research Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Exploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies. For the purpose of this research, grounded theory will be used. This is because it is mainly used in the inductive approach and will allow for a more thorough insight into the issues associated with the objectives set in this research by using interviews (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). My source of data will be interviews and archival records as it allows me to capture insights into events associated with shareholder activism through the personal accounts of individuals experiences (Hendry et all., 2007; Useem et al., 1993). As this research paper is focused on Nigeria, I have limited access to data as I am currently in the United Kingdom. Therefore, I have conducted telephone interviews with seasoned individuals practicing shareholder activism because it was more cost and time efficient to do so. I believe using these will give me a well-rounded view of the issues that need to be identified. Time Horizons There are two types of time horizons focused on by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003) namely Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Cross- sectional studies have to do with research on a particular hypothesis at a particular time, while longitudinal studies involve researching a certain phenomenon over an extended period of time. This research focuses on Shareholder Activism in Nigeria, over the years there has been very little written on this subject matter. My aim is to add to the body of knowledge which exists in current times. In this case, I will be applying cross-sectional studies and focusing on the periods from the early 2010 to present day 2016. Data Collection The main research method in this paper will be the interviews conducted with persons that are knowledgeable on the subject. As I am not very conversant with the subject matter, speaking with these people will aid in expanding my knowledge. It is quite expensive to travel to Nigeria from the United Kingdom therefore, telephone interviews will be conducted as it will save time and costs. I also plan on using archival records as I believe this will provide context to my research thus allowing me to form a well-rounded grounded theory. Data Analysis Various solid articles and books will be used to aid in my coding and analysis of the intervi